De Gruyter

 Journal

 Review Of Passivity And Electrochemical Properties Of Nanostructured Stainless Steels Obtained By SMAT: Trend And Progress

 Olugbade T. O., Olutomilola E. O. And Olorunfemi B. J.

 2022

Surface nanocrystallization provides the opportunity to produce gradient-structured metallic materials with improved properties. Several attempts have been made to produce nanostructured stainless steel (SS), along with the study of the resultant corrosion resistance. However, the current knowledge is insufficient to address the corrosion mechanism and the possible ways of enhancing the corrosion resistance after surface treatment. The present work reviews the past significant works on the effect of surface treatment by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) method as well as its processing parameters on the corrosion properties of SS. The corrosion resistance of nanostructured SS is influenced by the extent of grain refinement, compactness, and homogeneity of the passive film, Cr content, grain boundary structure, composition, and alloying elements. In addition, the resulting corrosion properties can be controlled by choosing the right processing parameters during treatment. Progress on the corrosion behavior of nanostructured steels was summarized and new avenues for further research and developments are proposed. 

 University Of Novi Sad, Faculty Of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia.

 Journal

 The Automated Process Control Model For Energy Consumption Optimization Within Plantain Flour Processing Facility

 Adeyeri M. K., Ayodeji S. P., Olutomilola E. O. And Abayomi O. J.

 2022

Energy usage is a great concern for industrialists because it is a prime determinant of production cost. When energy consumption becomes a challenge, the industrial production process remains unsustainable. Hence, the need for automating the process control model of the plantain flour processing facility for its energy consumption optimization. Time and motion study was used on the plantain processing plant on a modular basis to develop the control system. The model control system for the plant was simulated and implemented. Experimental runs were carried out, and a system response time of 30 milliseconds was computed. In comparison, the results show that using the automated facility saved 30% more energy than running the plant manually. Thus, contributing control process model as an energy optimization concept for plantain flour plant facility. 

 University Of Science And Technology Of Southern Philippines Press

 Journal

 Development And Preliminary Testing Of Rotary Dryer For Plantain Flour Processing Plant

 Olutomilola E. O., Ayodeji S. P., Adeyeri M. K., Fagbemi T. N. And Mogaji P. B.

 2022

Plantain postharvest losses are significant in Nigeria and efforts are focused on processing the crop into storable products to ensure its availability throughout the year. To obtain the desired flour quality and quantity, plantain must be dried for an hour at a temperature not exceeding 70 °C and then discharged without human intervention. There have been significant obstacles in plantain processing. Regular turning of plantain pulps during drying, and intimate contact between them and the hot-drying air should be ensured to retain plantain nutritional and esteem values in the flour produced. In this study, a rotary dryer was developed. The machine is capable of drying plantain within the aforementioned hour and temperature range and is suitable for use in a plantain flour processing plant. A preliminary test was conducted to assess the fabricated prototype’s functional performance and plantain particulates were able to move through the dryer. Upon varying the air-inlet aperture of the dryer from 0 to 125,680 mm2, the drying air velocity increased from 0 to 4.4 m/s. The airinlet aperture was proportional to air velocity/volume, particulate deflection within the dryer, particulate loss from the dryer and the time taken by the heater to reach the desired drying temperature. It became evident that drying air velocity/volume, deflection and particulate loss can all be influenced regardless of the blower’s speed, potentially affecting the dryer’s capacity and efficiency. 

 Elsevier BV

 Journal

 A Review Of Raw Plantain Size Reduction

 Olutomilola E. O.

 2021

Size reduction is very fundamental and crucial to (and enhances subsequent operations in) postharvest processing of raw plantain into storable and value-added products. In Nigeria, research into mechanized processing of raw plantain is mainly driven by plantain’s health benefits, medicinal values, economic values and industrial applications. Thus, demand for plantain and its associated products is rapidly increasing, and needs to be met. Plantain, due to its perishable nature, is usually processed into easy-to-transport, value-added and storable products in order to mitigate its alarming postharvest losses so that it will be readily available all the year round. Being a critical unit process, size reduction role in raw plantain processing can never be overemphasized. There is a need to review, in order to optimize, this unit process as a part of mitigating postharvest food losses, food insecurity and instability of food prices in Africa, particularly in Nigeria. Chronicled is the review of researchers’ works on raw plantain size reduction techniques while processing it into chips, flour and other products. It was observed that the reviewed size reducers’ speeds, efficiencies, throughput capacities, percentage of lost materials, and percentage of damaged or out-of-standard materials ranged from 39 to 500 rpm, 36.38% to 98.1%, 20.96 to 1319 kg/h, 1.05% to 47.7%, and 4.37% to 33.78% respectively. Enumerated, are some factors and properties influencing the design of raw plantain size reducers. Basic components of a typical raw plantain size reducer, procedures for developing raw plantain size reducers and some recommendations for further works/research gaps are also presented. Observed and justified, is the need to make size reducers reconfigurable/flexible. A critical look at all the reviewed size reducers shows that some could be merged/modified to produce reconfigurable domestic, commercial or industrial size reducers that would be able to serve in plants that process raw plantain and other crops into chips and flour among other products. 

 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN)

 Journal

 Washing Of Agricultural Produce: A Review

 Olutomilola E. O.

 2021

Washing has now become very crucial to human survival today having become part and parcel of our daily activities due to the outbreak of corona virus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the world. In Nigeria, efforts are geared towards developing indigenous/home based technologies for processing Nigerian agricultural produce into value-added, easy-to-transport and storable products due to food insecurity occasioned by the ravaging effects of COVID-19, alarming postharvest food losses, climate change and population upsurge. Nigeria is believed to have the capacity to feed the world, if appropriate technologies could be developed and deployed to her agriculture and postharvest handling/processing of farm produce. Thus a review of past researchers’ works on washing of farm produce is needful, being a very significant unit operation in food processing. To this effect, research papers and relevant materials were sought, obtained and reviewed from search engines and scientific databases. Hereby presented are a review of published researchers’ works; and research gaps on mechanized washing of agricultural produce across the globe, with a view to provide useful/helpful information to Nigerian indigenous technology developers and food processing industries as Nigeria strives to make it a policy to grow what she eats and eat what she grows. A machine, capable of washing leafy and non-leafy farm produce in the production line of a food processing plant, is also proposed/suggested. Through the information contained in it, this research is expected to serve as an impetus for researchers in this study area. 

 Springer

 Journal

 A Review On The Corrosion Fatigue Strength Of Surface-Modified Stainless Steels

 Olugbade T. O., Ojo O. T., Omiyale B. O., Olutomilola E. O. And Olorunfemi B. J.

 2021

Materials are often exposed to simultaneous actions of corrosive environment and repeated stress, which sometimes leads to a significant decrease in corrosion fatigue strength. Several attempts have been made in the past to investigate the fatigue cracks initiation and propagation process across different materials. However, the current knowledge is insufficient to address the combined response of corrosion reaction and repeated stress on the fatigue properties of stainless steels (SS) especially when they are subjected to surface treatments. The present paper reviews the relevant past work done to date on the fatigue and corrosion fatigue strengths of nanostructured SS. The corrosion fatigue strengths of SS can be improved by the combined effects of surface treatments and the associated compressive residual stresses. The corrosion fatigue mechanism reviewed in this paper explains in detail the major factors involved in predicting the fatigue life behaviour including residual stress, loading frequency, microstructures, work-hardening, surface topography, surface treatment processing parameters, and fracture surface. For future works, the factors that could improve the corrosion fatigue behaviour of nanostructured SS were also discussed in detail. 

 Walter De Gruyter GmbH

 Journal

 Development And Performance Evaluation Of A Pulverizer For Plantain Flour Process Plant

 Olutomilola E. O., Ayodeji S. P., Adeyeri M. K. And Fagbemi T. N.

 2021

Diabetes, adjudged a risk factor for coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), can be managed through consumption of plantain and its associated products. Plantain is usually processed into flour and other storable/value-added products due to its very short shelf-life. To process unripe plantain pulps into flour, there is a need for size reduction after drying. This paper presents the development and performance evaluation of a size reduction unit for pulverizing, sieving and conveying material to the next processing stage in a plantain flour process plant. Its model was developed using solidworks application software. After design analysis, the model was simulated to establish its suitability/ade-quacy for fabrication. The pulverizer was fabricated using locally available materials. Its performance evaluation gave 400kg/h throughput, 96% crushing efficiency and 96% efficiency based on the required particle size. The average particle size of flour obtained was 236?m using 500?m screen. Effect of cyclone control-valve on the pulverizer’s overall efficiency was also investigated by allowing it to operate when the valve was completely closed, partially closed and fully opened. It was observed that the control-valve’s positions significantly influenced the machine’s performance/efficiency. It can thus be inferred that the position of cyclone control-valve has significant effect on a pulverizer’s efficiency/performance. Hence, leaving control-valve fully opened during operation would help a pulverizer perform with optimum efficiency, as the pulverizer was able to convey material, efficiently in that position, to the next processing stage during performance evaluation. 

 ?stanbul Gelisim University

 Journal

 Finite Element Analysis Of A Washing And Preheating Unit Designed For Plantain Flour Process Plant

 8. Olutomilola E. O., Ayodeji S. P. And Adeyeri M. K.

 2020

This paper presents the design and finite element analysis (FEA) of a washing, conveying and preheating unit, intended to help complete the drying of plantain within an hour at a maximum temperature of 70°C in a plant that processes unripe plantain into flour. Model was developed for it, its functionality and structural stability were evaluated using SolidWorks computer aided design application software after selection of suitable materials for and design analysis of its components. Its frame analysis showed a maximum stress of 52.52 MPa, resultant displacement of 0.9215 mm, elastic strain of 1.495×10-4 and a minimum factor of safety (FOS) of 4.7, when a force of 1 kN was applied. FEA of each control-gate-spring showed a maximum stress of 29.05 MPa, resultant displacement of 0.6902 mm, elastic strain of 9.547×10-5 and a minimum of 7.6 FOS, when a tensile force of 0.12 kN was applied. FEA of each roller showed a maximum stress of 50.16 MPa, elastic strain of 1.458×10-4 and a minimum of 3.4 FOS, when a torque of 1.023 kNm was applied. These results imply that the design of the unit is safe/adequate for fabrication, and able to satisfactorily serve its intended purpose, since the yield strengths of the materials selected were not exceeded as evidenced by the FOS values obtained. This unit, when fabricated and incorporated into the process plant, would help to drastically reduce plantain processing time in order to be able to meet the increasing demand for plantain flour. 

 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN)

 Journal

 Design And Structural Analysis Of A Particulating Machine For Plantain Flour Process Plant

 Olutomilola E. O., Ayodeji S. P. And Adeyeri M. K.

 2020

Plantain is used for the management of type II diabetes. Plantain is usually processed into value-added and storable products, such as flour, in order to extend its shelf-life and make it available for consumption all the year round. Processing plantain into flour requires that its size be reduced before drying in order to increase its drying rate, reduce its processing time, and prevent microbial growth and decay. This paper presents conceptual design and finite element analysis (FEA) of a machine for particulating plantain in a plant that processes unripe plantain into flour. The machine consists of a hopper with cover, a particulating drum, a shaft, a belt drive, an electric motor, a pulley, a delivery chute and a support frame. Model for the machine was developed using Solid Works Computer Aided Design (CAD) application software. Appropriate materials were selected for its component parts and their design analysis was done. Its functionality and structural stability were evaluated by simulating the developed model using Solid Works CAD application software. The FEA conducted on its frame showed maximum stress of 213 MPa, resultant displacement of 0.37 mm, elastic strain of 1.0×10-16 and a minimum factor of safety (FOS) of 2.3 when a force of 595 N was applied on the frame. Also, the FEA conducted on the particulating drum showed a maximum stress of 19.3 MPa, resultant displacement of 6.98×10-3 mm, strain of 2.62×10-5 and a minimum FOS of 8.9 when a torque of 50 Nm was applied. The implication of the FEA results is that the particulating machine will be able to satisfactorily serve its intended purpose under normal working conditions, when fabricated, since the maximum stress values obtained from the FEA of its component parts are far below the corresponding yield strength values of the materials selected for their fabrication. The estimated cost of production for the machine is ?398,700 ($1,092). 

 Hashemite University

 Journal

 Design Of A Screw Conveyor For Transporting And Cooling Plantain Flour In A Process Plant

 Adeyeri M. K., Ayodeji S. P., Olutomilola E. O. And J. O. Bako

 2020

This paper discusses the design, simulation and functional performance evaluation of an inclined screw conveyor with integrated system for cooling while conveying pulverized pulps from pulverizing unit to packaging unit of a plant that processes unripe plantain into flour. Hygiene, ergonomics, conveyance distance and height, thermal and mechanical properties of the materials selected, ease of fabrication and production cost were carefully considered. Model for the equipment was developed using SolidWorks application software, which was followed by design analysis of its components. Simulation of the developed model was done using ANSYS, SolidWorks and Autodesk Inventor application software packages, in order to predict the performance of its components and to ascertain its functionality before fabrication. The simulation results showed that the design of the equipment is adequate and safe for fabrication. The equipment was then fabricated and assembled using appropriate manufacturing techniques. The total fabrication cost is put at One Thousand, Three Hundred and Thirty dollars ($1,330) only. Its functional performance was evaluated; the throughput and thermal efficiencies obtained were 96.1% and 85.3% respectively. It can be said that the equipment has the capacity to serve its primary purpose as it was able to convey and cool the material poured into it from 82.20C to 29.20C.